Once again, science persisted. More about Merchants Of Doubt . This is true, but he never followed up with: how acidic? Ok let us jump into a new story, here’s the timeline: Timeline of the most relevant events from the acid rain issueImage under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license via www.chasanabria.com. 1-Page PDF Summary of Merchants of Doubt Merchants of doubt are people or organizations who discredit science that threatens their agenda or ideology. In the end a large fleet of SST never happened, but the overall public opinion had already been tarnished. The only weapon that he didn’t use directly (in this case) was Weapon 2 (denial), which is only logical since he was part of a panel of experts, and denial would not have looked very good. In reality the solution to acid rain was simple: since the private enterprise will never do anything about this (because they only care about profit and we live in a free‑market economy), government intervention was necessary. The merchants of doubt often highlight a very special and isolated case in order to make their dismissive argument more reliable. READ PAPER. Ozone O3 Is So Rare In The Atmosphere Biology Essay; Ozone Exposure Spore Viability Of Several Penicillium Isolates Biology Essay; Components To Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Biology Essay They were supposed to submit a ‘first draft’ to the White House by June, and they did. They studied the dangers first, which were actually pretty alarming: a 1% reduction in the ozone would produce a 6% increase in skin cancer rates. Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway "Merchants of Doubt" is a fascinating book that tells the upsetting story of how a small power-group of conservative scientists ran destructive campaigns to mislead the public about science. But the story doesn’t end there. Merchants of Doubt. “Merchants of Doubt,” based on Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway’s book of the same title, examines the history of corporate-financed public relations efforts to … Singer was constantly trying whatever he could to inject his doubt into the report while the rest of the experts kept brushing him off. Regarding acid rain, he made a bunch of changes and signed international agreements to reduce the sulfur emissions. The “solution”6 was cap‑and‑trade. That meant that total warming might be as little as 1.5°C or as much as 4°C, but either way, there was warming, and the most likely 172. “Hearing a Third Point of view” Notwithstanding, this was not so much the case, as the Reagan organization had handpicked a gathering of researchers to make a board to audit corrosive downpour, rather than utilizing the National Institute of Sciences and the Canadian Imperial Society, the two of which had just presumed that corrosive downpour had anthropogenic causality and was unbelievably destructive to people and the earth, just as that stricter guidelines were needed:”The organization’s through and through dismissal of the finishes of the country’s generally recognized and qualified specialists caused significant shock in logical and administrative circles” (78). It turned out this “final” report was actually NOT the one that got published later. Alright! Luckily, FreeBookSummary offers study guides on over 1000 top books from students’ curricula! Start studying Merchants of Doubt. The panel (obviously) rejected his “chapter” and told him that if he really wanted to include this load of crap, he would have to add it as an appendix (in an attempt to get him to shut up). A short summary of this paper. PLAY. Jimmy also started the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program in 1980 which would monitor the emissions for the next 10 years. This story started rather quietly in 1963 when a group of scientist realized that acidic rain was falling in Hubbard Brook—a closely monitored forest area used to understand many aspects of its ecosystem1. Fred fucking Singer obviously was the biggest advocate against this regulation and he used all the weapons he could. Learn. A weapon that I call Singer’s weapon: promoting inaction… It consisted on showing that it is always cheaper and easier NOT to invest in a solution. A short summary of this paper. In 1985 NASA found out that there was a huge ozone hole above Antarctica. The White House also demanded a change of tone: instead of starting with the problem, they wanted the report to start with the fact that the solution was partially being implemented. What did the research of Ben Santer show? bciarcello. Then, the scientists calculated that a fleet of 500 supersonic airplanes going around could produce enough oxides of nitrogen to deplete the ozone layer by 10% (which would mean a 60% increase of skin cancer). Perhaps at the time it was only fair to include their opinion, but given our track record of the merchants of doubt, it is more probable that they were hoping to use Weapon 3: Cherry picking. The Hubbard Rivulet work agreed with a move in American pondering environmentalism from comprehensively well known land protection to science-based government guideline, a thought that was disagreeable in preservationist circles. 6) Personal Review of “Merchants of Doubt” (6 pts) After watching “Merchants of Doubt”, discuss how we can move beyond the questions and controversies that this movie brings out. But at this point we have to ask, why is Singer trying so hard to fight science? Ozone concentrations above Antarctica on October 2nd, 2015. They used Weapon 1 (being a magician) and distracted people by saying that the volcanoes also produce compounds of chlorine, and even went as far as setting up a scientific study on a volcano that was about to erupt in Alaska, but the results were never reported—other than saying that it was “inconclusive”13. Access a free summary of Merchants of Doubt, by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway and 20,000 other business, leadership and nonfiction books on getAbstract. But he was the ultimate merchant of doubt, and the White House knew it. Our scientists have produced landmark studies on the dangers of DDT, tobacco smoke, acid rain, and global warming. Such as tree growth, nutrient variation, water flow, animal population, etc.↩, Which identifies unique patterns in the atomic mass variations (isotopes) of the acid rain, and matches them with the patterns of the possible sources↩, This is a name you want to remember, so I’ll keep calling him by his name↩, An organization that even in 2009 published an article entitled “five reasons why the EPA should not attempt to deal with global warming”↩, In quotations because it didn’t really solve the problem↩, Despite being officially submitted in April↩, A very unstable form of oxygen with three atoms per molecule instead of two↩, Who would later get the Nobel prize for this work, and who also was part of the acid rain panel↩, All of them strong advocates for “free market” and most of them received large amounts of money from corporations like General Motors, Mobil Oil, and Chase Manhattan↩, Smokestacks at an unknown location.Image under Public Domain via Max Pixel. Some even disregarded the scientific claims as “unscientific nonsense”. No. It is written as an attack on the Merchants of Doubt, justified by the importance of the issues at stake and the alleged influence of the protagonists. He used Weapon 3 (cherry picking), to show how expensive the solution was, but obviously NOT showing how expensive the problem could be. Was it something else? This material is available only on Freebooksummary, We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. Teller and his compatriots disagreed. So, regulation won, right? Kenner doesn’t waste time proving, in this terse, brilliantly argued movie, that climate change is happening or that our dependence on fossil fuels has a causal relationship to it. A program implemented by George H W Bush which reduced the sulfur emissions by 54% with a total cost of 8 billion dollars but an estimated benefit of 100 billion dollars. The problem is that these weapons of doubt are very effective on the easily impressionable and the uninformed. The exploration showed that: it was too early to tell whether boundless and genuine biological harm was happening [as an aftereffect of corrosive rain], however the potential impacts were upsetting [and included the] filtering of supplements from soil and plant foliage, fermentation of lakes and streams, harm to natural life, and consumption of structures and different structures (69). Rowland was concerned in light of the fact that he accepted that corrosive downpour was an issue, yet discovered that numerous on the board shared his interests, including Quality Compares. Why only there? It took six years, and a new administration, for the government to do something about this issue. No one has time to read them all, but it’s important to go over them at least briefly. Merchants Of Doubt Chapter 6 Summary; The average student has to read dozens of books per year. Dixy Lee Ray (just like Singer) was full of shit! Throughout the years he would use every weapon mentioned here, and he actually crafted a weapon of his own. Spokespeople sent into the media to sow doubt. A documentary that looks at pundits-for-hire who present themselves as scientific authorities as they speak about topics like toxic chemicals, pharmaceuticals and climate change. Instead, they claimed it may be coming from volcanoes. In their minds, the ozone layer was fine, and those who said otherwise were just trying to scare people. A documentary that looks at pundits-for-hire who present themselves as scientific authorities as they speak about topics like toxic chemicals, pharmaceuticals and climate change. That’s why they kept asking for things to be less alarming and that’s why they put Fred fucking Singer on the panel. of which lined up with the official situation of the electrical utility industry. The height of these smokestacks allowed the sulfur and nitrogen emissions from utility companies and car factories to travel large distances because of wind currents. Hubbard Brook was called an “experimental forest” (as oxymoronic as that sounds), and the detection of acid rain in this particular place was rather a strange finding since it was hundreds of miles away from industrialized areas. Directed by Robert Kenner. Well, yes...but in the end Singer and his friends got what they wanted. https://www.coursehero.com/file/21595856/Merchants-of-Doubt-Summary From the start, Artist was an earthy person, accepting that a quality domain is important to life. The panel was looking pretty good, despite the whitehouse rejecting some excellent candidates, but the Reagan administration was obviously not going to gamble with this touchy subject. Was it caused by CFCs? Gravity. Spell. The demonization of science had begun…, All the content of this website is by Charlie Sanabria and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (unless otherwise stated). He used Weapon 1 (be a magician) by directing the argument towards car emissions, and how these would be tremendously expensive to implement. Written by historians Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (2010) is a nonfiction account of how a loose-knit group of scientists—Fred Seitz, Fred Singer, Bill Nierenberg, and Robert Jastrow—with similar political agendas worked to prevent government regulation by creating the … Hubbard Stream, and particularly researcher Quality Compares, exhibited that corrosive downpour was a piece of blow-back from outflows, in a paper proclaiming that corrosive downpour or snow fell in the greater part of northeastern America. The chapter was to focus on the uncertainties of the effects of climate change. They met to make a report, just as a public statement for the report. freebooksummary.com © 2016 - 2021 All Rights Reserved. But then... Reagan took office…, Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan waving from the limousine during the Inaugural Parade in Washington, D.C. on Inauguration Day, 1981.Image under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. Bond and Stock Valuation Essay; Merchants Of Doubt Character Analysis; An Overview Of Nuclear Weapons Military Essay; The Implications of Israel’s Nuclear Policy in the Region Essay Sample; Board Composition and … The problem came when new evidence was found about this issue. It turns out he was full of shit once again; non‑CFC aerosols and refrigerants are now available, they are more energy efficient, and aren’t toxic, flammable, or corrosive as he claimed15. (100-200 words minimum) "Our Prices Start at $11.99. Write. Merchants Of Doubt Analysis; Related Posts about Merchants Of Doubt Chapter 7 Summary. Some of his colleagues would later point out jokingly that “he was sometimes in error, but never in doubt”. The hole is more pronounced in Antarctica because it is colder in the South Pole than the North PoleImage under Public Domain via NASA. In any case, his perspectives changed during the 1970s, and “he started to stress increasingly over the expense of natural assurance, and to feel that it probably won’t merit the addition” (84), looking towards innovation as a social guardian angel and grasping a market-based methodology. READ PAPER. The record later showed that it was Asshole # 3 and Fred fucking Singer going back and forth moving paragraphs around in order to soften the message. It is written as an attack on the Merchants of Doubt, justified by the importance of the issues at stake and the alleged influence of the protagonists. As some of you could have guessed, the aerosol industry proceeded to do exactly what the Tobacco industry did, they created a research team of their own to defend their product. The first merchants of doubt were members of the tobacco industry—when scientists discovered that … Chapter 3 Summary: “Sowing the Seeds of Doubt: Acid Rain” During the time when scientists were debating about SDI and nuclear winter, some of the same scientists also debated acid rain: “As in the debate over tobacco, opponents of regulating the pollution that caused acid rain would argue that the science was too uncertain to justify action” (66). Start studying Merchants of Doubt. Want to get the main points of Merchants of Doubt in 20 minutes or less? The problem is that this report HAD to be published eventually, so they needed for it to look like acid rain wasn’t a big deal so people wouldn’t disagree with the lack of regulation. What did the op-ed piece in the Wall Street Journal claim about Santer's authorship of a chapter … No one has time to read them all, but it’s important to go over them at least briefly. In more simple terms: the ozone layer is constantly protecting us from the harmful effects of small wavelength UV light—it would be a shame if it went away, right? Fred fucking Singer attacked the Nobel committee. They also used weapon 2 (denial) and said that CFCs couldn’t even go that high, and that we didn’t know if they were decomposing up there—nor that their byproducts attacked ozone. See the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use for more information, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Concorde landing at Kansai International Airport in 1994Image under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. In 1974, Sherwood Rowland12 found that the chlorofluorocarbons (or CFCs) used in aerosol cans were floating upwards (after they came out of the cans), and were being broken up by UV light. “Planting the Seeds of Uncertainty: Corrosive Downpour” During when researchers were bantering about SDI and atomic winter, a portion of similar researchers additionally discussed corrosive downpour: “As in the discussion over tobacco, adversaries of managing the contamination that caused corrosive downpour would contend that the science was too dubious to even think about justifying activity” (66). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The answer: much less acidic than acid rain. This would later mix with rain and snow to produce acidic precipitations which had an impact on the wildlife and the soil quality. But what pisses me off the most is that he was no expert! In spite of the fact that the administration was all the while working with Canada to think of more grounded guidelines, its researchers started to “stress vulnerabilities instead of settled information” (75), prompting proposals that were not as stringent as Canada trusted. The problem of giving this mother fucker his own appendix, was that the rest of the authors didn’t have to critique it, which gave Singer the freedom to do whatever he wanted with that. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming is a 2010 non-fiction book by American historians of science Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway.It identifies parallels between the global warming controversy and earlier controversies over tobacco smoking, acid rain, DDT, and the hole in the ozone layer. His specialty was to find something that was not 100% certain (which in reality is not too hard to do), and highlight every sliver of doubt to the point that any efforts to initiate a solution would seem like a waste of money and resources. At the point when the White House asked Nierenberg to head the Corrosive Downpour Friend Survey Board, they nixed a few of his decisions, including various researchers who had voiced worry about an unnatural weather change as well as corrosive downpour, and added Vocalist to the blend. Summary Notes Not only were the tactics the same, the people were the same, too. So in 1982 the White House called for a team of Acid Rain experts to be put together. Her most famous claim was that volcanoes produce more chlorine than CFCs… true… but the caveat here is that this excess chlorine from the volcanoes is measured through ash fall, which does not reach the stratosphere (like CFCs do). He accepted that diminishing government guidelines, explicitly on oil, would diminish open reliance, permitting the free market to direct itself. Merchants of Doubt is a gut-wrenching and mind-opening narrative on how some of the most well-known scientists have distorted the public’s opinion on crucial environmental, nuclear, and smoking issues, all for the benefit of corporate and industrial entities. But how could he know this? Let’s back the timeline up a little, here are the events of this story: Timeline of the most relevant events from the ozone hole issueImage under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license via www.chasanabria.com. Merchants of Doubt Chapter 1 Summary & Analysis Chapter 1 Summary: “Doubt Is Our Product” After Seitz retired from his illustrious scientific career, he was hired by the tobacco company RJ Reynolds to run its program funding “biomedical research at major universities, hospitals, and research institutes across the country” (10). He even tried to use Weapon 6 (find a weak point and blow it out of proportion), by saying that it acid rain is not so bad because soils are naturally acidic. Summary. We also learned from the the nuclear weapon story that putting a team of experts together was a perfect way to expose uncertainty. The team was picked by no other than Bill Nierenberg (Asshole # 3) who just so happened to be part of Reagan’s transition team. By 1979 CFCs were banned from the US and NASA was told to keep track of the ozone layer—and to report any new science to congress every three months. As is normal in the revelation of another logical wonder, from the outset the proof was distributed in dissipated diaries in a wide range of nations and dialects, and steadily American researchers like Compares started to draw an obvious conclusion. The first chapter outlines the formation of lobbying disinformation campaigns within the tobacco industry, describing a meeting in May 1979 with just-retired physicist Frederick Seitz who had helped to build the atomic bomb, acted as an advisor to NATO, was President of the National Academy of Sciences and president of the Rockefeller University. But that is what we get when doubt is planted: public confusion; a state that allows bullshit to spread like wildfire. All thanks to the doubt that Fred fucking Singer planted in this report. PLAY. the atmosphere is warming and the stratosphere is cooling. The National Academy of Sciences realized the importance of this, and immediately set up a team to explore the issue in depth. Allow me to present his claims (things in quotations are things he said verbatim): So according to Fred fucking Singer, it was better to just keep doing it the way we had been doing it, because the dangers were not real, and the solution was far too expensive and potentially dangerous. Besides the concentrations in the stratosphere had been steadily rising even in periods of low volcanic activity. The ultimate merchant of doubt blandishing his weaponImage slightly modified from its original version by Dako99 under Creative Commons license BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. This first draft came back from the White House with two of the most important paragraphs crossed out. This issue was far more pressing than those we have seen in the previous stories, and the National Academy of Science had made such a strong case that most governmental agencies backed up the need for immediate regulation. This was no joking matter. The drafted official statement was emphatic on the side of government guideline of outflows to control corrosive downpour and included frightening insights regarding the enduring hurtful impacts. Related Posts about Merchants Of Doubt Chapter 2 Summary. Scientists love this kind of mysteries, so they rolled up their sleeves and got crackin’. 10/4/2016 Merchants of Doubt Summary | Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway 3/5 Department of Defense and CIA assessments of Soviet military strength in the late 1970s cast the USSR as far weaker than the US. The fragileness of the ozone layer first came to be studied back when supersonic airplanes like the Concorde were being thought of as modes of transportation. No one can deny that Asshole # 3 was a brilliant guy—of very strong opinions and fiercely competitive. Numerous different reports were flowed inside the board. Besides, he was forced into the panel by the White House7. Read the world’s #1 book summary of Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway here. Nierenberg enrolled Sherwood Rowland, a specialist on chlorinated fluorocarbons and how they harm the ozone layer, to help the board on corrosive downpour. So he did, and in it he stressed the fact that doing nothing was the cheapest option. The scientists spoke up against it, trying to convince the people of the fragility of the ozone layer, but those who had seen Department of Transportation report had made up their mind already—and only looked at the scientists as alarmists. Their insurance on this issue was adding a panel member of their own… his name: Fred fucking Singer (or as I classified him at the beginning: the biggest asshole)3. This Merchants of Doubt Summary tells the story of a small but determined group of researchers, who mislead the public on smoking and global warming. The team was picked by no other than Bill Nierenberg (Asshole # 3) who just so happened to be part of Reagan’s transition team. Two years later, in their third meeting in 1990, they concluded that all CFC production should cease by 2000. Levels of ozone at various altitudes, and its blocking effects on different types of ultraviolet radiationImage under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. After this discovery the science started moving fast! The first merchants of doubt were members of the tobacco industry—when scientists discovered that … So, in January of 1983, the Acid Rain panel started working on their report. - Grist In the same way as other of the other preservationist researchers, Nierenberg saw earthy people as Luddites. Definitely not something to be tampered with. The U.S. scientific community has long led the world in research on public health, environmental science, and other issues affecting the quality of life. This guy was unstoppable! https://www.nateliason.com/notes/merchants-of-doubt-by-naomi-oreskes Singer was a rocket scientist. Artist “was a physicist who owed his vocation to the Virus War” (82) and furthermore had a hostile association with numerous different researchers, who he didn’t see as giving him satisfactory kudos for his work. Of course… as Mark Twain said, “It is easier to fool people than to convince them that they have been fooled”. Especially right‑wing conservative individuals who think the government should never tell the people what to do. The National Academy of Science simply replied to this nonsense with their 1976 report, showing evidence of each one of the things aerosol industry was denying. And isolated case in order to make their dismissive argument more reliable himself dubbed a knight, by! Said that changes were done without the panel found out that there a. Of Doubt are people or organizations who discredit science that threatens their agenda or ideology that all CFC should! Preferably by some powerful lord in a castle in general had not even invented! A brilliant guy—of very strong opinions and fiercely competitive fascinating cases that has a direct impact on wildlife. Opinions and fiercely competitive, especially because most of these individuals were still to... That a quality Domain is important to go over them at least briefly as of..., president Jimmy Carter kicking ass and taking names guy ) had shown this years earlier the he... Is published by Bloomsbury Press in new York ( ISBN # 978-1-59691-610-4.. Shady, especially because most of these changes were still being implemented up until July9, and study. Down the ozone molecules permanently harmful for all biological tissue of 1.5 C. ” 16 in science. Biological tissue meeting in 1990, they concluded that all CFC production should cease by 2000 would. 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